场认知风格与图形推理能力的眼动特点及关系研究

沈阳师范大学 杜宇杭

摘要：认知过程中存在着很大的个体差异，既表现在能力方面，也表现在认知风格方面。图形推理能力作为重要的认知能力，受到主观与客观因素的影响，场认知风格是其中具有普遍性、稳定性的影响因素。场认知风格是侧重认知过程的个人风格，在区分场认知风格的测验中渗透个人图形推理、加工的能力。 同时场认知风格与图形推理能力作为各领域的经典研究话题，所以本文对场认知风格与图形推理能力的相互关系进行研究。 本研究通过两部分实验内容， 将场认知风格与图形推理之间存在的成绩关系作为眼动过程间可能存在关系的前提，得到成绩与眼动两方面的关系与差异； 并探讨成绩结果与眼动过程之间的联系与差异。

本研究采用由北京师范大学编制的《镶嵌图形测验》修订版与张厚粲主修的《瑞文标准推理测验》作为实验材料， 对 179 名同学进行筛选，从中选取了 24名大学生的实验数据。本文使用眼动仪得到个体的场认知风格与图形推理能力的眼动特点，根据被试《镶嵌图形测验》 与《瑞文标准推理测验》 存在的成绩关系探讨个体的场认知风格与图形推理能力之间的眼动关系， 并以所得的眼动过程解释分数表现。 结果发现， 场认知风格眼动指标存在差异；图形推理能力各能力类型、 难度间存在差异；个体图形认知风格与推理能力眼动之间存在相关性且场认知风格眼动过程对图形推理能力具有预测作用；不同场认知风格类型下图形推理眼动过程不存在显著差异。

因此本研究的结论如下：

（1）个体在完成镶嵌图形测验上存在眼动策略上的差异，场独立风格组倾向分析型认知风格；场依存风格倾向于整体型认知风格，这种信息加工的不同偏向性使个体不能在有限时间里提取答案，从而影响测验的成绩结果。

（2）图形推理过程中，题目难度越大，个体加工的内容越多越精细。在图形加减能力上，个体更倾向于采取规则构建策略；个体对题干加工的程度越高，成绩结果越好。

（3）个体在镶嵌图形测验与瑞文标准推理测验中表现出一致的信息加工过程，个体场认知风格的眼动加工方式一定程度上会影响图形推理的眼动过程，场独立风格进行图形推理时倾向采取更有效的眼动策略所以成绩更高。

（4）个体图形推理主要受到题目类型与难度的影响，场认知风格与图形推理能力是不同的认知维度。

关键词： 场认知风格， 图形推理能力， 眼动研究， 镶嵌图形测验， 瑞文标准推理测验

Research on Eye Movement Characteristics and Relationship between Field Cognitive Style and Figure Reasoning Ability

Abstract： There are great individual differences in the cognitive process, both in ability and cognitive style. As an important cognitive ability, figure reasoning's ability is influenced by subjective and objective factors, and the field cognitive style is a universal and stable influencing factor. Field cognitive style is a personal style that focuses on the cognitive process, which permeates personal graphic reasoning and processing ability in the test of distinguishing field cognitive style. At the same time, field cognitive style and figure reasoning competence are the classic research topics in various fields, so this paper studies the relationship between field cognitive style and graphic reasoning competence. In this study, through two parts of experiments, the grades relationship between field cognitive style and figure reasoning is regarded as the premise of possible relationship between eye movements, and the relationship and differences between achievement and eye movements are obtained. And explore the different relations and differences between grade results and eye movement process.

In this study, the revised version of Embedded Figure Test compiled by Beijing Normal University and Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices majored by Zhang Houcan were used as experimental materials, and 179 students were screened, from which the experimental data of 24 college students were selected. In this paper, the eye movement characteristics of the individual's field cognitive style and figure reasoning ability are obtained by using an eye movement monitor. According to the achievement relationship between the subjects' Embedded Figure Test and Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices, the eye movement relationship between the individual's field cognitive style and figure reasoning ability is discussed, and the score performance is explained by the obtained eye movement process. The results showed that there were differences in eye movement indexes of field cognitive style. There are differences between the ability types and difficulty of figure reasoning's ability; There is a correlation between individual's graphic cognitive style and reasoning ability eye movement, and the eye movement process of field cognitive style can predict graphic reasoning ability. There is no significant difference in figure reasoning's eye movement process under different field cognitive styles.
Therefore, the conclusions of this study are as follows:

(1) There are differences in eye movement strategies among individuals in the Embedded Figure Test, and the field-independent style group tends to be analytical cognitive style; Field-dependent style tends to holistic cognitive style, and this different bias of information processing makes it impossible for individuals to extract answers in a limited time, thus affecting the test results.

(2) In the process of figure reasoning, the more difficult the topic is, the more individual processing content is, the more refined it is. In the ability of graph addition and subtraction, individuals are more inclined to adopt the rule-building strategy; The higher the individual's degree of processing the problem stem, the better the result.

(3) Individuals show the same information processing process in Embedded Figure Test and Raven's standard progressive reasoning test. The eye movement processing mode of individual field cognitive style will affect figure reasoning's eye movement process to a certain extent, and the field independent style tends to adopt more effective eye movement strategies when graphic reasoning is conducted, so the scores are higher.

(4) Individual figure reasoning is mainly influenced by the type and difficulty of questions. Field cognitive style and figure reasoning ability are different cognitive dimensions.

Keywords: field cognitive style, figure reasoning ability, eyemovement study, Embedded Figure Test, Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices

来源：杜宇杭.场认知风格与图形推理能力的眼动特点及关系研究[D].沈阳师范大学,2022.DOI:10.27328/d.cnki.gshsc.2022.000164.