心理运动能力在民航飞行员选拔中的应用研究

魏焕成

摘要：飞行员因其职业的特殊性，从而在选拔过程中对候选者有诸多要求，长期以来 的主要表现是严格的身体检查。近年来，随着飞机的智能化和自动化，飞行员的体 检要求有所放宽；同时相关调查显示当前民航事故中有 3/4 和人为因素有关，人们 对飞行员选拔的关注点开始转至心理方面。 对飞行员候选者进行相应的心理选拔，可以考察他们是否具有飞行员所需的各 项心理特征，有助于将不适合飞行活动的个体提前排除在行业之外，减少未来飞行 事故发生的几率，减少由于飞行员因不适合飞行活动或高强度训练而被淘汰所造成 的培训费用浪费。 目前，我国民航飞行员心理选拔工作主要是对候选者进行人格和基本能力测 试，大多数采用纸笔测验的形式，而对其飞行特殊能力的考察和检测重视不够。国 内外学者认为仪器检测方法精度高，是公认的准确、可靠的测试手段，是未来飞行 人员心理选拔的发展方向，可以对心理运动能力做出客观评价。本研究的目的是编制一套计算机化的心理运动能力测验系统，且采用仪器检测 的方法，以实现心理选拔过程的标准化和客观化。该系统共含有 3 个心理运动能力 测试程序，包括单任务、双任务和多任务 3 种检测模式，单手操作和双手操作两种 操作方式。 本研究分为两大部分： 第一部分：心理运动能力检测系统的编制。采用查阅文献法、专家判断法以及 问卷调查法，紧扣心理运动能力的操作定义，编制相应程序；并依据心理测量学的 原理和实际要求，对程序的信效度进行检验； 第二部分：使用心理运动能力检测系统对不同人群进行检测，其中包括应聘大 学生、飞行学员和现役飞行员，验证测验项目的信效度和区分度，以确定此心理运 动能力测验是否适合我国民航航空公司招飞工作的实际需求。 通过研究分析得出如下结论： （1） 心理运动能力测验各项目的难度适宜，鉴别指数高； （2） 心理运动能力测验各项目的信效度良好，可以应用于飞行员心理选拔； （3） 为了更加客观全面的对每个应聘者做出评估和判断，提出了心理运动能 力测验总分的计算公式。

关键词：心理运动能力；仪器测试；飞行员心理选拔；民航招飞

The application research of psychomotor ability in civil aviation pilots selection

Wei Huancheng

Abstract: Because of the special nature of the profession of pilot, there were many requirements for the candidates in the pilot selection. For a long time, the selection focused on the physical examination. In recent years, with the intelligence and automation of the aircraft, the standard for pilot’s medical examination became lower. Meanwhile, related survey showed three-quarters in current civil aviation accidents had something to do with human factors, so the focus transferred to pilots’ psychological selection gradually. Psychological tests for pilot candidates could examine whether they have all kinds of psychological characteristics which is necessary for a pilot, which could eliminate the individual who are not suit for the job, and could reduce the rate of flight accident in the future. At the same time, the strict selection could reduce the cost which is due to that pilots are not suitable for flight activity or high strength training. At present, the pilot selection in our country mainly were tests for pilot candidates’ personality and basic ability, in the form of paper and pencil test, which ignored the the special ability for a pilot. Scholars at home and abroad think apparatus test have higher precision, which is recognized as an accurate and reliable test method, and will be the future development direction of pilot psychological selection method that could make an objective evaluation of individual psychomotor ability. The purpose of this research was to develop a set of computerized psychomotor ability test system in the form of apparatus test, in order to realize the standardization and objectification during the process of pilot psychological selection. This system contained three psychomotor ability test items, including single task, double tasks and multi tasks detection mode. And operation mode included single hand operation and two-hand operation. This study included two parts: Part 1: The establishment of psychomotor ability test system. Through literature review, expert judgment and questionnaire investigation, a set of psychomotor ability test program was developed based on the operational definition of psychomotor ability. And the reliability and validity of the program were tested according to the principles of psychometrics and the requirements of practical situation. Part 2: Different populations were tested with the psychomotor ability test system, including college students who applying for pilot, student pilots and pilots on service. The discrimination, reliability and validity of each test item were verified to determine whether the psychomotor ability test program was suitable for the practical situation of civil aviation pilot selection. Here are the main conclusions of this study: (1) Each item of psychomotor ability test had appropriate difficulty and high discrimination. (2) Each item of psychomotor ability test had good reliability and validity, and could be used as a tool for the pilot psychological selection. (3) In order to make a more objective comprehensive evaluation and judgment for each candidate, a set of calculation formula of psychomotor ability test score was put forward.

Key words: Psychomotor ability; Apparatus test; Psychological selection; civil aviation pilot

来源：魏焕成.(2013).心理运动能力在民航飞行员选拔中的应用研究硕士学位论文,第四军医大学).https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=OHSidZhWKUnmUcLqr67_8_krTtXBiQtksyTgeL4xlABMiLfqhxWLRCJeMjTk6R5mEToT_z9Wjglyln-_n5u3qo5T1krvggewtIjWHcjlFLpT5ii-ScK7BflNoWs071bbmafsrVKccoSOPnQ__5ekuA==uniplatform=NZKPTlanguage=CHS