Human-AI Hybrids in Safety-Critical Systems: Concept, definition and perspectives from Air Traffic Management  

Abstract : The recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have paved the way for Human-AI Hybrid (HAH) systems, which integrate human and AI capabilities to augment human ingenuity rather than replace it. However, the application of HAH in Safety-Critical Systems (SCS), such as Air Traffic Management (ATM), remains limited due to the high stakes involved and the challenges presented by AI’s unpredictable behavior and limitations in complex reasoning tasks. This paper provides an extensive review of the emerging domain of HAH in ATM, defining HAH and examining the fundamental pillars of effective HAH in ATM, including collaboration, adaptation, and trust. By synthesizing interdisciplinary research, this review explores the interaction between humans and AI, identifies obstacles, and recommends strategies for developing effective HAH systems in ATM. Furthermore, by examining real-world ATM applications, this study bridges the gap between theoretical recommendations and practical implementation, offering valuable insights for future efforts in similar contexts. 

安全关键系统中的人机交互系统：概念、定义和空中交通管理视角

        该文章的核心内容是探讨在安全关键系统（Safety-Critical Systems, SCS）中，特别是空中交通管理（Air Traffic Management, ATM）领域，人类与人工智能（AI）混合（Human-AI Hybrid, HAH）系统的概念、定义和应用前景。通过综合跨学科研究，分析了HAH在ATM中的基本要素，包括协作、适应性和信任，并提出了实现有效HAH系统的策略。 

        研究方法：该综述采用元分析的方法，分别通过WOS数据库、理论筛选和“滚雪球”的方法进行文献筛选。 

        关键结论：文章定义了人机混合的概念和其人类主导、集成单元和共同进化的核心特征。探讨了HAH在ATM系统中未形成统一认知-行动系统、缺乏数据闭环和透明度缺陷等不足，提出有效的HAH应用应包含的协作、适应和信任三个支柱。指出未来HAH系统可通过以人为本的AI设计、增强人机协作界面透明度、人类操作员技能保留与持续培训等途径进行提升。 

 文章来源：Ali, H., Pham, D. T., Alam, S., Schultz, M., Li, M. Z., Wang, Y., ... & Duong, V. N. (2025). Human-AI Hybrids in Safety-Critical Systems: Concept, definition and perspectives from Air Traffic Management. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 65, 103256.